{"id":93765,"date":"2026-10-21T13:41:10","date_gmt":"2026-10-21T18:41:10","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.cliniquetagmed.com\/?p=93765"},"modified":"2026-10-21T13:41:10","modified_gmt":"2026-10-21T18:41:10","slug":"science-causes-insoupconnees-maladies","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.cliniquetagmed.com\/en\/science-causes-insoupconnees-maladies","title":{"rendered":"La science r\u00e9v\u00e8le les causes insoup\u00e7onn\u00e9es des maladies"},"content":{"rendered":"<style>\n.ts-science{--ink:#071b33;--teal:#126f72;--gold:#e3b65a;--line:#dce8e9;max-width:1180px;margin:24px auto 50px;color:#294254;font:17px\/1.75 Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;text-align:left}.ts-science *{box-sizing:border-box}.ts-science h1,.ts-science h2,.ts-science h3{font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;text-align:left!important;letter-spacing:-.035em;color:var(--ink);font-weight:750;line-height:1.18;margin:0 0 22px}.ts-science h1{font-size:clamp(36px,4.7vw,62px);max-width:800px}.ts-science 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.ts-ref-list{columns:2}}<\/p>\n<p>.ts-atlas .ts-map-desktop{margin:28px -10px 14px}.ts-map-desktop>svg{width:100%;height:auto;display:block}.ts-map-mobile{display:none}.ts-science .ts-map-caption{font-size:12px;line-height:1.6;color:#526c79;margin:14px 0 0}.ts-map-card{border:1px solid #c9dedb;border-radius:15px;overflow:hidden;background:#f4f9f8;margin-bottom:14px}.ts-map-card-heading{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:12px;padding:14px;background:#177667;color:white}.ts-map-card-heading>b{font-size:21px;line-height:1}.ts-science .ts-map-card-heading h3{font-size:18px;margin:0;color:white;letter-spacing:-.01em;line-height:1.4}.ts-strong .ts-map-card-heading{background:#285e97}.ts-debated .ts-map-card-heading{background:#9c6818}.ts-map-card-copy{display:flex;gap:14px;padding:18px 14px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.6}.ts-map-card-copy .ts-icon{margin:0}.ts-map-card-copy p{font-size:14px;margin:7px 0 10px}.ts-map-card-copy strong{font-size:16px;color:#17374c}.ts-map-card-copy .ts-badge{font-size:10px}.ts-atlas{background:#fff}@media(max-width:850px){.ts-map-desktop{display:none}.ts-map-mobile{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr;gap:14px;margin-top:25px}.ts-map-card{margin-bottom:0}}@media(max-width:620px){.ts-map-mobile{grid-template-columns:1fr;gap:14px}.ts-map-card-copy{padding:17px 14px}}@media print{.ts-map-desktop{display:block!important}.ts-map-mobile{display:none!important}}\n.ts-science .ts-closing h2,.ts-science .ts-hero h1,.ts-science .ts-map-card-heading h3{color:#ffffff!important;-webkit-text-fill-color:#ffffff!important;opacity:1!important;text-shadow:none!important}.ts-science .ts-button{color:#071b33!important;-webkit-text-fill-color:#071b33!important}.ts-science .ts-table thead th{color:#ffffff!important}<\/style>\n<br \/>\n<trp-tag data-no-translation><\/p>\n<article class=\"ts-science notranslate\" lang=\"en-CA\" data-no-translation aria-labelledby=\"ts-en-title\">\n<header class=\"ts-panel ts-hero\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"ts-hero-image\" src=\"https:\/\/www.cliniquetagmed.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/tagmed-science-causes-maladies-2026.webp\" width=\"1536\" height=\"1024\" alt=\"Conceptual illustration of cells, DNA and microbial forms in turquoise and gold.\" fetchpriority=\"high\" title=\"\"><\/p>\n<div class=\"ts-hero-copy\">\n<p class=\"ts-eyebrow\">CLINIQUE TAGMED \u00b7 UNDERSTANDING RESEARCH<\/p>\n<h1 id=\"ts-en-title\">How science uncovers unexpected causes of disease<\/h1>\n<p class=\"ts-deck\">From ulcers to certain cancers, from viruses to autoimmune responses: yesterday\u2019s discoveries illuminate tomorrow\u2019s biggest questions.<\/p>\n<p class=\"ts-byline\">Sylvain Desforges, Doctor of Osteopathy<br \/>October 21, 2026 \u00b7 Science feature<\/p>\n<div class=\"ts-stats\">\n<div><b>17<\/b><span>established discoveries<\/span><\/div>\n<div><b>9<\/b><span>links under investigation<\/span><\/div>\n<div><b>36<\/b><span>references<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/header>\n<p class=\"ts-caption\">AI-generated conceptual illustration; it does not depict a specific infectious agent.<\/p>\n<nav class=\"ts-nav\" aria-label=\"In this article\"><a href=\"#ts-en-atlas\">Illustrated overview<\/a><a href=\"#ts-en-current\">Current research<\/a><a href=\"#ts-en-established\">Established discoveries<\/a><a href=\"#ts-en-evidence\">Understanding evidence<\/a><a href=\"#ts-en-faq\">Common questions<\/a><a href=\"#ts-en-sources\">References<\/a><\/nav>\n<section class=\"ts-panel\">\n<p class=\"ts-eyebrow\">CURIOSITY MOVES MEDICINE FORWARD<\/p>\n<h2>What if the explanation lies where we have not yet looked?<\/h2>\n<p>A bacterium behind many ulcers. A virus involved in certain cancers. A tick bite leading to a meat allergy. Medical history reminds us that the causes of a disease can differ from what we first imagined. These discoveries have sometimes changed prevention, diagnosis and treatment.<\/p>\n<p>Current research is opening other avenues: the role of certain viruses in autoimmunity, the contribution of bacteria to tumour progression, and the effects of microbial toxins on our DNA. Causes that are unexpected today may therefore be uncovered. That potential is a reason for hope and continued research, while keeping an appealing hypothesis distinct from a demonstrated explanation.<\/p>\n<p>This feature brings together 26 examples of links or mechanisms. It distinguishes established discoveries, strongly supported research avenues and more debated hypotheses. It is not an exhaustive catalogue of diseases.<\/p>\n<div class=\"ts-legend\">\n<div><span class=\"ts-badge established\">Established<\/span><\/p>\n<p>A demonstrated cause or mechanism for the specified disease form.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div><span class=\"ts-badge strong\">Strongly supported<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Several lines of evidence agree; causal questions remain open.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div><span class=\"ts-badge debated\">Debated<\/span><\/p>\n<p>A serious hypothesis with limited, conflicting or insufficient evidence.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<aside class=\"ts-quote\">\n<p>What science cannot yet explain remains an open question \u2014 an invitation to investigate further.<\/p>\n<p><span>Scientific hope is built on observations, experiments and reproducible results.<\/span><\/aside>\n<\/section>\n<section id=\"ts-en-atlas\" class=\"ts-panel ts-atlas\">\n<p class=\"ts-eyebrow\">THE ILLUSTRATED OVERVIEW<\/p>\n<h2>The body: a landscape of discovery<\/h2>\n<p>Ten examples at a glance. Markers locate the system being discussed; they do not represent lesions or a diagnostic tool. Lupus and alpha-gal reactions may have systemic effects.<\/p>\n<div class=\"ts-map-desktop\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 1240 1610\" role=\"img\" aria-labelledby=\"ts-map-en-title ts-map-en-desc\" style=\"font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\"><title id=\"ts-map-en-title\">The body: a landscape of discovery<\/title><desc id=\"ts-map-en-desc\">Ten examples of diseases and associated factors. Photorealistic human body with organs visible through transparent skin, an AI-generated illustration. Green: established. Blue: strongly supported. Gold: debated. Detailed tables explain the limits of each link.<\/desc><defs><linearGradient id=\"ts-map-en-bg\" x2=\"0\" y2=\"1\"><stop stop-color=\"#edf5f7\"\/><stop offset=\"1\" stop-color=\"#f9fbfc\"\/><\/linearGradient><linearGradient id=\"ts-map-en-body\"><stop stop-color=\"#c4dce0\"\/><stop offset=\".5\" stop-color=\"#edf6f5\"\/><stop offset=\"1\" stop-color=\"#b8d1d7\"\/><\/linearGradient><\/defs><rect width=\"1240\" height=\"1610\" rx=\"28\" fill=\"#ffffff\"\/><text x=\"42\" y=\"42\" font-size=\"14\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#177667\" text-anchor=\"start\">TAGMED  \/  THE VISUAL ATLAS<\/text><text x=\"42\" y=\"91\" font-size=\"39\" font-weight=\"800\" fill=\"#071b33\" text-anchor=\"start\">Unexpected connections<\/text><text x=\"42\" y=\"124\" font-size=\"19\" font-weight=\"400\" fill=\"#17374c\" text-anchor=\"start\">10 examples of what science has revealed \u2014 and what it is still exploring.<\/text><rect x=\"26\" y=\"170\" width=\"470\" height=\"1290\" rx=\"28\" fill=\"#07111d\"\/><text x=\"262\" y=\"226\" font-size=\"14\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#b2d2df\" text-anchor=\"middle\">BENEATH THE SURFACE<\/text><svg x=\"26\" y=\"260\" width=\"470\" height=\"898\" viewBox=\"110 0 804 1536\" preserveAspectRatio=\"xMidYMin meet\"><image href=\"https:\/\/www.cliniquetagmed.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/tagmed-anatomie-translucide-contemporaine.webp\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"1024\" height=\"1536\"\/><\/svg><text x=\"262\" y=\"1270\" font-size=\"25\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#ffffff\" text-anchor=\"middle\">Connections emerge.<\/text><text x=\"262\" y=\"1310\" font-size=\"23\" font-weight=\"400\" fill=\"#b2d2df\" text-anchor=\"middle\">Others await proof.<\/text><text x=\"262\" y=\"1426\" font-size=\"12\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#b2d2df\" text-anchor=\"middle\">ANATOMICAL ILLUSTRATION \u00b7 AI<\/text><path d=\"M242 295 C 452 295, 466 224, 513 224\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#285e97\" stroke-width=\"1.8\" opacity=\".65\"\/><circle cx=\"242\" cy=\"295\" r=\"13\" fill=\"#285e97\" stroke=\"white\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><text x=\"242\" y=\"299\" font-size=\"12\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" text-anchor=\"middle\">1<\/text><rect x=\"514\" y=\"177\" width=\"698\" height=\"118\" rx=\"15\" fill=\"#eef4fb\" stroke=\"#285e97\" stroke-opacity=\".28\"\/><path d=\"M531 177H1197Q1212 177 1212 192V212H514V192Q514 177 531 177Z\" fill=\"#285e97\"\/><text x=\"529\" y=\"201\" font-size=\"21\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#ffffff\" text-anchor=\"start\">01  Multiple sclerosis<\/text><g transform=\"translate(531 225) scale(1.18)\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#285e97\" stroke-width=\"1.65\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M12 7c-5-5-11 0-9 5-4 4-1 10 3 10-1 5 5 8 8 4V8m-3 5-4 3m6 4-5-1M20 7c5-5 11 0 9 5 4 4 1 10-3 10 1 5-5 8-8 4V8m3 5 4 3m-6 4 5-1\"\/><\/g><text x=\"583\" y=\"235\" font-size=\"19\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#17374c\" text-anchor=\"start\">Epstein\u2013Barr virus (EBV)<\/text><text x=\"583\" y=\"257\" font-size=\"15\" font-weight=\"400\" fill=\"#40596b\" text-anchor=\"start\">A causal role is very strongly supported; EBV alone is<\/text><text x=\"583\" y=\"275\" font-size=\"15\" font-weight=\"400\" fill=\"#40596b\" text-anchor=\"start\">insufficient.<\/text><text x=\"1195\" y=\"288\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#285e97\" text-anchor=\"end\">STRONGLY SUPPORTED  \u00b7  21,22<\/text><path d=\"M280 314 C 454 314, 466 353, 513 353\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#177667\" stroke-width=\"1.8\" opacity=\".65\"\/><circle cx=\"280\" cy=\"314\" r=\"13\" fill=\"#177667\" stroke=\"white\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><text x=\"280\" y=\"318\" font-size=\"12\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" text-anchor=\"middle\">2<\/text><rect x=\"514\" y=\"306\" width=\"698\" height=\"118\" rx=\"15\" fill=\"#edf7f3\" stroke=\"#177667\" stroke-opacity=\".28\"\/><path d=\"M531 306H1197Q1212 306 1212 321V341H514V321Q514 306 531 306Z\" fill=\"#177667\"\/><text x=\"529\" y=\"330\" font-size=\"21\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#ffffff\" text-anchor=\"start\">02  Type 1 narcolepsy<\/text><g transform=\"translate(531 354) scale(1.18)\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#177667\" stroke-width=\"1.65\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M22 4a12 12 0 1 0 6 20A13 13 0 0 1 22 4ZM5 4v4M3 6h4\"\/><\/g><text x=\"583\" y=\"364\" font-size=\"19\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#17374c\" text-anchor=\"start\">Loss of orexin-producing neurons<\/text><text x=\"583\" y=\"386\" font-size=\"15\" font-weight=\"400\" fill=\"#40596b\" text-anchor=\"start\">Established mechanism; the initial trigger remains uncertain.<\/text><text x=\"1195\" y=\"417\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#177667\" text-anchor=\"end\">ESTABLISHED  \u00b7  17,35<\/text><path d=\"M257 378 C 456 378, 466 482, 513 482\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#177667\" stroke-width=\"1.8\" opacity=\".65\"\/><circle cx=\"257\" cy=\"378\" r=\"13\" fill=\"#177667\" stroke=\"white\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><text x=\"257\" y=\"382\" font-size=\"12\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" text-anchor=\"middle\">3<\/text><rect x=\"514\" y=\"435\" width=\"698\" height=\"118\" rx=\"15\" fill=\"#edf7f3\" stroke=\"#177667\" stroke-opacity=\".28\"\/><path d=\"M531 435H1197Q1212 435 1212 450V470H514V450Q514 435 531 435Z\" fill=\"#177667\"\/><text x=\"529\" y=\"459\" font-size=\"21\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#ffffff\" text-anchor=\"start\">03  Some oropharyngeal cancers<\/text><g transform=\"translate(531 483) scale(1.18)\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#177667\" stroke-width=\"1.65\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M10 3v9c0 4 5 4 5 8v9m7-26v9c0 4-5 4-5 8v9M8 9h16m-13 5h10\"\/><\/g><text x=\"583\" y=\"493\" font-size=\"19\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#17374c\" text-anchor=\"start\">High-risk HPV, especially HPV 16<\/text><text x=\"583\" y=\"515\" font-size=\"15\" font-weight=\"400\" fill=\"#40596b\" text-anchor=\"start\">Persistent infection can cause these cancers.<\/text><text x=\"1195\" y=\"546\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#177667\" text-anchor=\"end\">ESTABLISHED  \u00b7  9,10<\/text><path d=\"M371 514 C 458 514, 466 611, 513 611\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#285e97\" stroke-width=\"1.8\" opacity=\".65\"\/><circle cx=\"371\" cy=\"514\" r=\"13\" fill=\"#285e97\" stroke=\"white\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><text x=\"371\" y=\"518\" font-size=\"12\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" text-anchor=\"middle\">4<\/text><rect x=\"514\" y=\"564\" width=\"698\" height=\"118\" rx=\"15\" fill=\"#eef4fb\" stroke=\"#285e97\" stroke-opacity=\".28\"\/><path d=\"M531 564H1197Q1212 564 1212 579V599H514V579Q514 564 531 564Z\" fill=\"#285e97\"\/><text x=\"529\" y=\"588\" font-size=\"21\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#ffffff\" text-anchor=\"start\">04  Lupus: an immune-system hypothesis<\/text><g transform=\"translate(531 612) scale(1.18)\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#285e97\" stroke-width=\"1.65\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M16 3 28 8v9c0 7-12 12-12 12S4 24 4 17V8L16 3ZM11 16l4 4 7-9\"\/><\/g><text x=\"583\" y=\"622\" font-size=\"19\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#17374c\" text-anchor=\"start\">Epstein\u2013Barr virus (EBV)<\/text><text x=\"583\" y=\"644\" font-size=\"15\" font-weight=\"400\" fill=\"#40596b\" text-anchor=\"start\">Promising B-cell mechanism; further confirmation is needed.<\/text><text x=\"1195\" y=\"675\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#285e97\" text-anchor=\"end\">STRONGLY SUPPORTED  \u00b7  23<\/text><path d=\"M305 566 C 460 566, 466 740, 513 740\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#177667\" stroke-width=\"1.8\" opacity=\".65\"\/><circle cx=\"305\" cy=\"566\" r=\"13\" fill=\"#177667\" stroke=\"white\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><text x=\"305\" y=\"570\" font-size=\"12\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" text-anchor=\"middle\">5<\/text><rect x=\"514\" y=\"693\" width=\"698\" height=\"118\" rx=\"15\" fill=\"#edf7f3\" stroke=\"#177667\" stroke-opacity=\".28\"\/><path d=\"M531 693H1197Q1212 693 1212 708V728H514V708Q514 693 531 693Z\" fill=\"#177667\"\/><text x=\"529\" y=\"717\" font-size=\"21\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#ffffff\" text-anchor=\"start\">05  Many peptic ulcers<\/text><g transform=\"translate(531 741) scale(1.18)\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#177667\" stroke-width=\"1.65\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M15 3v8c-5-3-11 2-10 9 1 8 11 9 17 4 5-4 6-15 1-18-3-2-6 1-6 4V3M8 20c3 3 7 3 10 0\"\/><\/g><text x=\"583\" y=\"751\" font-size=\"19\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#17374c\" text-anchor=\"start\">Helicobacter pylori<\/text><text x=\"583\" y=\"773\" font-size=\"15\" font-weight=\"400\" fill=\"#40596b\" text-anchor=\"start\">An established cause, although not every ulcer is infectious.<\/text><text x=\"1195\" y=\"804\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#177667\" text-anchor=\"end\">ESTABLISHED  \u00b7  2,3<\/text><path d=\"M262 590 C 462 590, 466 869, 513 869\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#285e97\" stroke-width=\"1.8\" opacity=\".65\"\/><circle cx=\"262\" cy=\"590\" r=\"13\" fill=\"#285e97\" stroke=\"white\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><text x=\"262\" y=\"594\" font-size=\"12\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" text-anchor=\"middle\">6<\/text><rect x=\"514\" y=\"822\" width=\"698\" height=\"118\" rx=\"15\" fill=\"#eef4fb\" stroke=\"#285e97\" stroke-opacity=\".28\"\/><path d=\"M531 822H1197Q1212 822 1212 837V857H514V837Q514 822 531 822Z\" fill=\"#285e97\"\/><text x=\"529\" y=\"846\" font-size=\"21\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#ffffff\" text-anchor=\"start\">06  Type 1 diabetes<\/text><g transform=\"translate(531 870) scale(1.18)\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#285e97\" stroke-width=\"1.65\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M16 3C13 8 5 15 5 21a11 11 0 0 0 22 0C27 15 19 8 16 3ZM10 21a6 6 0 0 0 6 6\"\/><\/g><text x=\"583\" y=\"880\" font-size=\"19\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#17374c\" text-anchor=\"start\">Enteroviruses, including coxsackie B<\/text><text x=\"583\" y=\"902\" font-size=\"15\" font-weight=\"400\" fill=\"#40596b\" text-anchor=\"start\">Converging evidence; the causal role still needs clarification.<\/text><text x=\"1195\" y=\"933\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#285e97\" text-anchor=\"end\">STRONGLY SUPPORTED  \u00b7  24,25<\/text><path d=\"M308 630 C 464 630, 466 998, 513 998\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#285e97\" stroke-width=\"1.8\" opacity=\".65\"\/><circle cx=\"308\" cy=\"630\" r=\"13\" fill=\"#285e97\" stroke=\"white\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><text x=\"308\" y=\"634\" font-size=\"12\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" text-anchor=\"middle\">7<\/text><rect x=\"514\" y=\"951\" width=\"698\" height=\"118\" rx=\"15\" fill=\"#eef4fb\" stroke=\"#285e97\" stroke-opacity=\".28\"\/><path d=\"M531 951H1197Q1212 951 1212 966V986H514V966Q514 951 531 951Z\" fill=\"#285e97\"\/><text x=\"529\" y=\"975\" font-size=\"21\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#ffffff\" text-anchor=\"start\">07  Colorectal cancer: two hypotheses<\/text><g transform=\"translate(531 999) scale(1.18)\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#285e97\" stroke-width=\"1.65\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M8 4h16c5 0 5 7 0 7H9c-4 0-4 7 0 7h14c5 0 5 7 0 7H8M8 4v5m16 16v4\"\/><\/g><text x=\"583\" y=\"1009\" font-size=\"19\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#17374c\" text-anchor=\"start\">Fusobacterium \/ colibactin<\/text><text x=\"583\" y=\"1031\" font-size=\"15\" font-weight=\"400\" fill=\"#40596b\" text-anchor=\"start\">Certain bacteria or their toxin may contribute.<\/text><text x=\"1195\" y=\"1062\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#285e97\" text-anchor=\"end\">STRONGLY SUPPORTED  \u00b7  26,27<\/text><path d=\"M250 654 C 466 654, 466 1127, 513 1127\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#9c6818\" stroke-width=\"1.8\" opacity=\".65\"\/><circle cx=\"250\" cy=\"654\" r=\"13\" fill=\"#9c6818\" stroke=\"white\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><text x=\"250\" y=\"658\" font-size=\"12\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" text-anchor=\"middle\">8<\/text><rect x=\"514\" y=\"1080\" width=\"698\" height=\"118\" rx=\"15\" fill=\"#fff7e8\" stroke=\"#9c6818\" stroke-opacity=\".28\"\/><path d=\"M531 1080H1197Q1212 1080 1212 1095V1115H514V1095Q514 1080 531 1080Z\" fill=\"#9c6818\"\/><text x=\"529\" y=\"1104\" font-size=\"21\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#ffffff\" text-anchor=\"start\">08  Crohn disease<\/text><g transform=\"translate(531 1128) scale(1.18)\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#9c6818\" stroke-width=\"1.65\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M8 4h16c5 0 5 7 0 7H9c-4 0-4 7 0 7h14c5 0 5 7 0 7H8M8 4v5m16 16v4\"\/><\/g><text x=\"583\" y=\"1138\" font-size=\"19\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#17374c\" text-anchor=\"start\">MAP mycobacterium<\/text><text x=\"583\" y=\"1160\" font-size=\"15\" font-weight=\"400\" fill=\"#40596b\" text-anchor=\"start\">An active hypothesis; causation remains unproven.<\/text><text x=\"1195\" y=\"1191\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#9c6818\" text-anchor=\"end\">DEBATED  \u00b7  33<\/text><path d=\"M440 736 C 468 736, 466 1256, 513 1256\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#285e97\" stroke-width=\"1.8\" opacity=\".65\"\/><circle cx=\"440\" cy=\"736\" r=\"13\" fill=\"#285e97\" stroke=\"white\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><text x=\"440\" y=\"740\" font-size=\"12\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" text-anchor=\"middle\">9<\/text><rect x=\"514\" y=\"1209\" width=\"698\" height=\"118\" rx=\"15\" fill=\"#eef4fb\" stroke=\"#285e97\" stroke-opacity=\".28\"\/><path d=\"M531 1209H1197Q1212 1209 1212 1224V1244H514V1224Q514 1209 531 1209Z\" fill=\"#285e97\"\/><text x=\"529\" y=\"1233\" font-size=\"21\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#ffffff\" text-anchor=\"start\">09  Rheumatoid arthritis<\/text><g transform=\"translate(531 1257) scale(1.18)\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#285e97\" stroke-width=\"1.65\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M16 7c-5-7-13-3-11 5l3 15c1 4 5 2 5-2v-4c0-4 6-4 6 0v4c0 4 4 6 5 2l3-15c2-8-6-12-11-5Z\"\/><\/g><text x=\"583\" y=\"1267\" font-size=\"19\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#17374c\" text-anchor=\"start\">Certain oral bacteria<\/text><text x=\"583\" y=\"1289\" font-size=\"15\" font-weight=\"400\" fill=\"#40596b\" text-anchor=\"start\">Links to autoimmunity; a triggering role needs confirmation.<\/text><text x=\"1195\" y=\"1320\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#285e97\" text-anchor=\"end\">STRONGLY SUPPORTED  \u00b7  28,29<\/text><path d=\"M339 956 C 470 956, 466 1385, 513 1385\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#177667\" stroke-width=\"1.8\" opacity=\".65\"\/><circle cx=\"339\" cy=\"956\" r=\"13\" fill=\"#177667\" stroke=\"white\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><text x=\"339\" y=\"960\" font-size=\"12\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" text-anchor=\"middle\">10<\/text><rect x=\"514\" y=\"1338\" width=\"698\" height=\"118\" rx=\"15\" fill=\"#edf7f3\" stroke=\"#177667\" stroke-opacity=\".28\"\/><path d=\"M531 1338H1197Q1212 1338 1212 1353V1373H514V1353Q514 1338 531 1338Z\" fill=\"#177667\"\/><text x=\"529\" y=\"1362\" font-size=\"21\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#ffffff\" text-anchor=\"start\">10  Alpha-gal syndrome<\/text><g transform=\"translate(531 1386) scale(1.18)\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#177667\" stroke-width=\"1.65\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M21 17a5 8 0 1 1-10 0 5 8 0 0 1 10 0M13 9V5m6 4V5M11 14l-6-4m6 9H4m8 4-7 5M21 14l6-4m-6 9h7m-8 4 7 5M13 8a3 3 0 0 1 6 0\"\/><\/g><text x=\"583\" y=\"1396\" font-size=\"19\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#17374c\" text-anchor=\"start\">Certain tick bites<\/text><text x=\"583\" y=\"1418\" font-size=\"15\" font-weight=\"400\" fill=\"#40596b\" text-anchor=\"start\">Sensitization can lead to an allergy to mammalian meat.<\/text><text x=\"1195\" y=\"1449\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#177667\" text-anchor=\"end\">ESTABLISHED  \u00b7  13,14<\/text><text x=\"42\" y=\"1507\" font-size=\"12\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#4a6574\" text-anchor=\"start\">EVIDENCE KEY<\/text><circle cx=\"49\" cy=\"1535\" r=\"7\" fill=\"#177667\"\/><text x=\"65\" y=\"1541\" font-size=\"14\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#177667\" text-anchor=\"start\">ESTABLISHED<\/text><circle cx=\"297\" cy=\"1535\" r=\"7\" fill=\"#285e97\"\/><text x=\"313\" y=\"1541\" font-size=\"14\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#285e97\" text-anchor=\"start\">STRONGLY SUPPORTED<\/text><circle cx=\"671\" cy=\"1535\" r=\"7\" fill=\"#9c6818\"\/><text x=\"687\" y=\"1541\" font-size=\"14\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#9c6818\" text-anchor=\"start\">DEBATED<\/text><text x=\"42\" y=\"1575\" font-size=\"13\" font-weight=\"400\" fill=\"#566f7c\" text-anchor=\"start\">Educational selection \u00b7 Source numbers refer to the article\u2019s references \u00b7 October 2026<\/text><\/svg><\/div>\n<div class=\"ts-map-mobile\">\n<div class=\"ts-map-card ts-strong\">\n<div class=\"ts-map-card-heading\"><b>01<\/b><\/p>\n<h3>Multiple sclerosis<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"ts-map-card-copy\"><span class=\"ts-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.65\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M12 7c-5-5-11 0-9 5-4 4-1 10 3 10-1 5 5 8 8 4V8m-3 5-4 3m6 4-5-1M20 7c5-5 11 0 9 5 4 4 1 10-3 10 1 5-5 8-8 4V8m3 5 4 3m-6 4 5-1\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/p>\n<div><strong>Epstein\u2013Barr virus (EBV)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>A causal role is very strongly supported; EBV alone is insufficient.<span class=\"ts-cites\"><a href=\"#ts-en-ref-21\" aria-label=\"Reference 21\">[21]<\/a><a href=\"#ts-en-ref-22\" aria-label=\"Reference 22\">[22]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"ts-badge strong\">STRONGLY SUPPORTED<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"ts-map-card ts-established\">\n<div class=\"ts-map-card-heading\"><b>02<\/b><\/p>\n<h3>Type 1 narcolepsy<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"ts-map-card-copy\"><span class=\"ts-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.65\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M22 4a12 12 0 1 0 6 20A13 13 0 0 1 22 4ZM5 4v4M3 6h4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/p>\n<div><strong>Loss of orexin-producing neurons<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Established mechanism; the initial trigger remains uncertain.<span class=\"ts-cites\"><a href=\"#ts-en-ref-17\" aria-label=\"Reference 17\">[17]<\/a><a href=\"#ts-en-ref-35\" aria-label=\"Reference 35\">[35]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"ts-badge established\">ESTABLISHED<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"ts-map-card ts-established\">\n<div class=\"ts-map-card-heading\"><b>03<\/b><\/p>\n<h3>Some oropharyngeal cancers<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"ts-map-card-copy\"><span class=\"ts-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.65\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M10 3v9c0 4 5 4 5 8v9m7-26v9c0 4-5 4-5 8v9M8 9h16m-13 5h10\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/p>\n<div><strong>High-risk HPV, especially HPV 16<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Persistent infection can cause these cancers.<span class=\"ts-cites\"><a href=\"#ts-en-ref-9\" aria-label=\"Reference 9\">[9]<\/a><a href=\"#ts-en-ref-10\" aria-label=\"Reference 10\">[10]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"ts-badge established\">ESTABLISHED<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"ts-map-card ts-strong\">\n<div class=\"ts-map-card-heading\"><b>04<\/b><\/p>\n<h3>Lupus: an immune-system hypothesis<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"ts-map-card-copy\"><span class=\"ts-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.65\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M16 3 28 8v9c0 7-12 12-12 12S4 24 4 17V8L16 3ZM11 16l4 4 7-9\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/p>\n<div><strong>Epstein\u2013Barr virus (EBV)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Promising B-cell mechanism; further confirmation is needed.<span class=\"ts-cites\"><a href=\"#ts-en-ref-23\" aria-label=\"Reference 23\">[23]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"ts-badge strong\">STRONGLY SUPPORTED<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"ts-map-card ts-established\">\n<div class=\"ts-map-card-heading\"><b>05<\/b><\/p>\n<h3>Many peptic ulcers<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"ts-map-card-copy\"><span class=\"ts-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.65\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M15 3v8c-5-3-11 2-10 9 1 8 11 9 17 4 5-4 6-15 1-18-3-2-6 1-6 4V3M8 20c3 3 7 3 10 0\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/p>\n<div><strong>Helicobacter pylori<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>An established cause, although not every ulcer is infectious.<span class=\"ts-cites\"><a href=\"#ts-en-ref-2\" aria-label=\"Reference 2\">[2]<\/a><a href=\"#ts-en-ref-3\" aria-label=\"Reference 3\">[3]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"ts-badge established\">ESTABLISHED<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"ts-map-card ts-strong\">\n<div class=\"ts-map-card-heading\"><b>06<\/b><\/p>\n<h3>Type 1 diabetes<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"ts-map-card-copy\"><span class=\"ts-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.65\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M16 3C13 8 5 15 5 21a11 11 0 0 0 22 0C27 15 19 8 16 3ZM10 21a6 6 0 0 0 6 6\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/p>\n<div><strong>Enteroviruses, including coxsackie B<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Converging evidence; the causal role still needs clarification.<span class=\"ts-cites\"><a href=\"#ts-en-ref-24\" aria-label=\"Reference 24\">[24]<\/a><a href=\"#ts-en-ref-25\" aria-label=\"Reference 25\">[25]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"ts-badge strong\">STRONGLY SUPPORTED<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"ts-map-card ts-strong\">\n<div class=\"ts-map-card-heading\"><b>07<\/b><\/p>\n<h3>Colorectal cancer: two hypotheses<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"ts-map-card-copy\"><span class=\"ts-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.65\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M8 4h16c5 0 5 7 0 7H9c-4 0-4 7 0 7h14c5 0 5 7 0 7H8M8 4v5m16 16v4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/p>\n<div><strong>Fusobacterium \/ colibactin<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Certain bacteria or their toxin may contribute.<span class=\"ts-cites\"><a href=\"#ts-en-ref-26\" aria-label=\"Reference 26\">[26]<\/a><a href=\"#ts-en-ref-27\" aria-label=\"Reference 27\">[27]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"ts-badge strong\">STRONGLY SUPPORTED<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"ts-map-card ts-debated\">\n<div class=\"ts-map-card-heading\"><b>08<\/b><\/p>\n<h3>Crohn disease<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"ts-map-card-copy\"><span class=\"ts-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.65\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M8 4h16c5 0 5 7 0 7H9c-4 0-4 7 0 7h14c5 0 5 7 0 7H8M8 4v5m16 16v4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/p>\n<div><strong>MAP mycobacterium<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>An active hypothesis; causation remains unproven.<span class=\"ts-cites\"><a href=\"#ts-en-ref-33\" aria-label=\"Reference 33\">[33]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"ts-badge debated\">DEBATED<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"ts-map-card ts-strong\">\n<div class=\"ts-map-card-heading\"><b>09<\/b><\/p>\n<h3>Rheumatoid arthritis<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"ts-map-card-copy\"><span class=\"ts-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.65\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M16 7c-5-7-13-3-11 5l3 15c1 4 5 2 5-2v-4c0-4 6-4 6 0v4c0 4 4 6 5 2l3-15c2-8-6-12-11-5Z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/p>\n<div><strong>Certain oral bacteria<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Links to autoimmunity; a triggering role needs confirmation.<span class=\"ts-cites\"><a href=\"#ts-en-ref-28\" aria-label=\"Reference 28\">[28]<\/a><a href=\"#ts-en-ref-29\" aria-label=\"Reference 29\">[29]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"ts-badge strong\">STRONGLY SUPPORTED<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"ts-map-card ts-established\">\n<div class=\"ts-map-card-heading\"><b>10<\/b><\/p>\n<h3>Alpha-gal syndrome<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"ts-map-card-copy\"><span class=\"ts-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.65\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M21 17a5 8 0 1 1-10 0 5 8 0 0 1 10 0M13 9V5m6 4V5M11 14l-6-4m6 9H4m8 4-7 5M21 14l6-4m-6 9h7m-8 4 7 5M13 8a3 3 0 0 1 6 0\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/p>\n<div><strong>Certain tick bites<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Sensitization can lead to an allergy to mammalian meat.<span class=\"ts-cites\"><a href=\"#ts-en-ref-13\" aria-label=\"Reference 13\">[13]<\/a><a href=\"#ts-en-ref-14\" aria-label=\"Reference 14\">[14]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"ts-badge established\">ESTABLISHED<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"ts-map-caption\">AI-generated anatomical illustration. The same colour does not imply identical evidence strength for every link. The tables below provide the qualifications and references.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<section id=\"ts-en-current\" class=\"ts-panel ts-strong\">\n<div class=\"ts-section-number\">01 \/ ATLAS OF DISCOVERY<\/div>\n<div class=\"ts-section-head\">\n<h2>Research that could change our understanding<\/h2>\n<p><span class=\"ts-badge\">Strongly supported<\/span><\/div>\n<p>The following six links are supported by converging evidence. Their strength is not identical: EBV\u2013multiple sclerosis already goes beyond a simple correlation, while other avenues need broader confirmation.<\/p>\n<div class=\"ts-table-wrap ts-strong\">\n<table class=\"ts-table\">\n<caption>Research that could change our understanding<\/caption>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"col\">Disease or specific form<\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\">Agent or mechanism<\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\">What the evidence shows<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<div class=\"ts-disease\"><span class=\"ts-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.65\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M12 7c-5-5-11 0-9 5-4 4-1 10 3 10-1 5 5 8 8 4V8m-3 5-4 3m6 4-5-1M20 7c5-5 11 0 9 5 4 4 1 10-3 10 1 5-5 8-8 4V8m3 5 4 3m-6 4 5-1\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/p>\n<div>Multiple sclerosis<span class=\"ts-date\">Milestone : 2022\u20132026<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Agent or mechanism\"><span class=\"ts-factor\">Epstein\u2013Barr virus \u2014 EBV<\/span><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"What the evidence shows\">A causal role is very strongly supported: a large study found an approximately 32-fold increase in risk after infection. EBV alone is not sufficient; mechanisms, cofactors and prevention remain under study.<span class=\"ts-cites\"><a href=\"#ts-en-ref-21\" aria-label=\"Reference 21\">[21]<\/a><a href=\"#ts-en-ref-22\" aria-label=\"Reference 22\">[22]<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<div class=\"ts-disease\"><span class=\"ts-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.65\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M16 3 28 8v9c0 7-12 12-12 12S4 24 4 17V8L16 3ZM11 16l4 4 7-9\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/p>\n<div>Systemic lupus erythematosus<span class=\"ts-date\">Milestone : 2025<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Agent or mechanism\"><span class=\"ts-factor\">Epstein\u2013Barr virus \u2014 EBV<\/span><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"What the evidence shows\">A study shows how EBV can reprogram autoreactive B cells. This promising mechanism needs larger-scale confirmation and evidence that targeted interventions improve clinical outcomes.<span class=\"ts-cites\"><a href=\"#ts-en-ref-23\" aria-label=\"Reference 23\">[23]<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<div class=\"ts-disease\"><span class=\"ts-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.65\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M16 3C13 8 5 15 5 21a11 11 0 0 0 22 0C27 15 19 8 16 3ZM10 21a6 6 0 0 0 6 6\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/p>\n<div>Type 1 diabetes<span class=\"ts-date\">Milestone : 2023\u20132025<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Agent or mechanism\"><span class=\"ts-factor\">Enteroviruses, including some coxsackie B viruses<\/span><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"What the evidence shows\">Viral markers have been detected in some pancreases. A phase 2 antiviral trial showed better preservation of insulin production. The causal role and the proportion of patients affected remain to be clarified.<span class=\"ts-cites\"><a href=\"#ts-en-ref-24\" aria-label=\"Reference 24\">[24]<\/a><a href=\"#ts-en-ref-25\" aria-label=\"Reference 25\">[25]<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<div class=\"ts-disease\"><span class=\"ts-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.65\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M8 4h16c5 0 5 7 0 7H9c-4 0-4 7 0 7h14c5 0 5 7 0 7H8M8 4v5m16 16v4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/p>\n<div>Colorectal cancer: the Fusobacterium hypothesis<span class=\"ts-date\">Milestone : 2024<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Agent or mechanism\"><span class=\"ts-factor\">Certain Fusobacterium nucleatum strains<\/span><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"What the evidence shows\">These bacteria are enriched in some tumours and can promote growth in experimental models. Their role in initiating cancer must be distinguished from their role in its progression.<span class=\"ts-cites\"><a href=\"#ts-en-ref-26\" aria-label=\"Reference 26\">[26]<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<div class=\"ts-disease\"><span class=\"ts-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.65\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M8 3c0 13 16 13 16 26M24 3C24 16 8 16 8 29M9 6h14M12 11h8M12 21h8M9 26h14\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/p>\n<div>Colorectal cancer: the colibactin hypothesis<span class=\"ts-date\">Milestone : 2025<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Agent or mechanism\"><span class=\"ts-factor\">Toxin produced by certain E. coli strains<\/span><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"What the evidence shows\">A DNA-damage signature is found in human tumours, more often in early-onset cancers. The mutagenic mechanism is supported; the attributable cancer burden and effective prevention remain to be established.<span class=\"ts-cites\"><a href=\"#ts-en-ref-27\" aria-label=\"Reference 27\">[27]<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<div class=\"ts-disease\"><span class=\"ts-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.65\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M16 7c-5-7-13-3-11 5l3 15c1 4 5 2 5-2v-4c0-4 6-4 6 0v4c0 4 4 6 5 2l3-15c2-8-6-12-11-5Z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/p>\n<div>Rheumatoid arthritis<span class=\"ts-date\">Milestone : 2016\u20132023<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Agent or mechanism\"><span class=\"ts-factor\">Periodontitis and certain oral bacteria<\/span><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"What the evidence shows\">Mechanisms link oral bacteria, including Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, with autoimmune responses. Their role as an initial human trigger must be distinguished from their contribution to flares.<span class=\"ts-cites\"><a href=\"#ts-en-ref-28\" aria-label=\"Reference 28\">[28]<\/a><a href=\"#ts-en-ref-29\" aria-label=\"Reference 29\">[29]<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section id=\"ts-en-debated\" class=\"ts-panel ts-debated\">\n<div class=\"ts-section-number\">02 \/ ATLAS OF DISCOVERY<\/div>\n<div class=\"ts-section-head\">\n<h2>Serious hypotheses that remain debated<\/h2>\n<p><span class=\"ts-badge\">Debated<\/span><\/div>\n<p>These three associations deserve investigation, but should not be presented at the same level as recognized causes.<\/p>\n<div class=\"ts-table-wrap ts-debated\">\n<table class=\"ts-table\">\n<caption>Serious hypotheses that remain debated<\/caption>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"col\">Disease or specific form<\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\">Agent or mechanism<\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\">What the evidence shows<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<div class=\"ts-disease\"><span class=\"ts-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.65\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M12 7c-5-5-11 0-9 5-4 4-1 10 3 10-1 5 5 8 8 4V8m-3 5-4 3m6 4-5-1M20 7c5-5 11 0 9 5 4 4 1 10-3 10 1 5-5 8-8 4V8m3 5 4 3m-6 4 5-1\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/p>\n<div>Alzheimer disease<span class=\"ts-date\">Milestone : 2025\u20132026<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Agent or mechanism\"><span class=\"ts-factor\">Herpes simplex virus type 1 \u2014 HSV-1<\/span><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"What the evidence shows\">Human associations support the hypothesis, but findings are conflicting. In VALAD, valacyclovir did not improve the disease and cognitive worsening was greater: causation has not been demonstrated.<span class=\"ts-cites\"><a href=\"#ts-en-ref-30\" aria-label=\"Reference 30\">[30]<\/a><a href=\"#ts-en-ref-31\" aria-label=\"Reference 31\">[31]<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<div class=\"ts-disease\"><span class=\"ts-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.65\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M12 7c-5-5-11 0-9 5-4 4-1 10 3 10-1 5 5 8 8 4V8m-3 5-4 3m6 4-5-1M20 7c5-5 11 0 9 5 4 4 1 10-3 10 1 5-5 8-8 4V8m3 5 4 3m-6 4 5-1\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/p>\n<div>Schizophrenia<span class=\"ts-date\">Milestone : 2019<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Agent or mechanism\"><span class=\"ts-factor\">Toxoplasma gondii parasite<\/span><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"What the evidence shows\">Studies report an association with infection markers, sometimes before diagnosis. They do not demonstrate that the parasite causes the disease; confounding remains important.<span class=\"ts-cites\"><a href=\"#ts-en-ref-32\" aria-label=\"Reference 32\">[32]<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<div class=\"ts-disease\"><span class=\"ts-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.65\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M8 4h16c5 0 5 7 0 7H9c-4 0-4 7 0 7h14c5 0 5 7 0 7H8M8 4v5m16 16v4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/p>\n<div>Crohn disease<span class=\"ts-date\">Milestone : 2024<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Agent or mechanism\"><span class=\"ts-factor\">Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis \u2014 MAP<\/span><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"What the evidence shows\">A trial of combination antibiotics added to usual care found more remissions. This does not prove that MAP is the cause: the drugs may affect other microbes or mechanisms.<span class=\"ts-cites\"><a href=\"#ts-en-ref-33\" aria-label=\"Reference 33\">[33]<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section id=\"ts-en-established\" class=\"ts-panel ts-established\">\n<div class=\"ts-section-number\">03 \/ ATLAS OF DISCOVERY<\/div>\n<div class=\"ts-section-head\">\n<h2>When a discovery changes the explanation<\/h2>\n<p><span class=\"ts-badge\">Established<\/span><\/div>\n<p>The following nine examples represent major advances since 1996. For several autoimmune or neurological conditions, a key mechanism has been discovered without fully explaining its initial trigger.<\/p>\n<div class=\"ts-table-wrap ts-established\">\n<table class=\"ts-table\">\n<caption>When a discovery changes the explanation<\/caption>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"col\">Disease or specific form<\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\">Agent or mechanism<\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\">What the evidence shows<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<div class=\"ts-disease\"><span class=\"ts-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.65\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M10 3v9c0 4 5 4 5 8v9m7-26v9c0 4-5 4-5 8v9M8 9h16m-13 5h10\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/p>\n<div>Some oropharyngeal cancers<span class=\"ts-date\">Milestone : 2000+<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Agent or mechanism\"><span class=\"ts-factor\">High-risk HPV, especially HPV 16<\/span><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"What the evidence shows\">Persistent infection can cause cancer of the tonsils or base of the tongue. This explanation does not apply to every throat cancer.<span class=\"ts-cites\"><a href=\"#ts-en-ref-9\" aria-label=\"Reference 9\">[9]<\/a><a href=\"#ts-en-ref-10\" aria-label=\"Reference 10\">[10]<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<div class=\"ts-disease\"><span class=\"ts-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.65\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 13c4-8 8 5 13 0s9-8 13 0M3 21h26M3 27h26M9 13v6m14-6v6M15 5v3\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/p>\n<div>Merkel cell carcinoma<span class=\"ts-date\">Milestone : 2008<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Agent or mechanism\"><span class=\"ts-factor\">Merkel cell polyomavirus<\/span><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"What the evidence shows\">A virus contributes to a large proportion of these rare skin cancers. Virus-negative forms also exist.<span class=\"ts-cites\"><a href=\"#ts-en-ref-11\" aria-label=\"Reference 11\">[11]<\/a><a href=\"#ts-en-ref-12\" aria-label=\"Reference 12\">[12]<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<div class=\"ts-disease\"><span class=\"ts-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.65\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M21 17a5 8 0 1 1-10 0 5 8 0 0 1 10 0M13 9V5m6 4V5M11 14l-6-4m6 9H4m8 4-7 5M21 14l6-4m-6 9h7m-8 4 7 5M13 8a3 3 0 0 1 6 0\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/p>\n<div>Alpha-gal syndrome<span class=\"ts-date\">Milestone : 2009\u20132011<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Agent or mechanism\"><span class=\"ts-factor\">Sensitization after certain tick bites<\/span><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"What the evidence shows\">An allergic response to alpha-gal can cause delayed reactions after eating mammalian meat. This is an allergy, not an infection transmitted by the meat.<span class=\"ts-cites\"><a href=\"#ts-en-ref-13\" aria-label=\"Reference 13\">[13]<\/a><a href=\"#ts-en-ref-14\" aria-label=\"Reference 14\">[14]<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<div class=\"ts-disease\"><span class=\"ts-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.65\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M2 16s5-10 14-10 14 10 14 10-5 10-14 10S2 16 2 16ZM21 16a5 5 0 1 1-10 0 5 5 0 0 1 10 0\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/p>\n<div>AQP4-antibody neuromyelitis optica<span class=\"ts-date\">Milestone : 2004\u20132005<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Agent or mechanism\"><span class=\"ts-factor\">Autoantibodies against aquaporin-4<\/span><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"What the evidence shows\">Finding a specific target in the nervous system helped distinguish this form of disease from multiple sclerosis. The initial autoimmune trigger is not fully understood.<span class=\"ts-cites\"><a href=\"#ts-en-ref-15\" aria-label=\"Reference 15\">[15]<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<div class=\"ts-disease\"><span class=\"ts-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.65\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M12 7c-5-5-11 0-9 5-4 4-1 10 3 10-1 5 5 8 8 4V8m-3 5-4 3m6 4-5-1M20 7c5-5 11 0 9 5 4 4 1 10-3 10 1 5-5 8-8 4V8m3 5 4 3m-6 4 5-1\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/p>\n<div>Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis<span class=\"ts-date\">Milestone : 2007<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Agent or mechanism\"><span class=\"ts-factor\">Autoantibodies disrupting brain receptors<\/span><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"What the evidence shows\">An immune mechanism explains a form of encephalitis with neurological and psychiatric symptoms, sometimes associated with an ovarian teratoma.<span class=\"ts-cites\"><a href=\"#ts-en-ref-16\" aria-label=\"Reference 16\">[16]<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<div class=\"ts-disease\"><span class=\"ts-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.65\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M22 4a12 12 0 1 0 6 20A13 13 0 0 1 22 4ZM5 4v4M3 6h4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/p>\n<div>Type 1 narcolepsy<span class=\"ts-date\">Milestone : 2000<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Agent or mechanism\"><span class=\"ts-factor\">Loss of orexin-producing neurons<\/span><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"What the evidence shows\">Orexin, or hypocretin, deficiency explains the impaired regulation of wakefulness. The reasons for the neuronal loss remain partly understood.<span class=\"ts-cites\"><a href=\"#ts-en-ref-17\" aria-label=\"Reference 17\">[17]<\/a><a href=\"#ts-en-ref-35\" aria-label=\"Reference 35\">[35]<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<div class=\"ts-disease\"><span class=\"ts-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.65\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M16 3C13 8 5 15 5 21a11 11 0 0 0 22 0C27 15 19 8 16 3ZM10 21a6 6 0 0 0 6 6\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/p>\n<div>Immune-mediated acquired TTP<span class=\"ts-date\">Milestone : 1998<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Agent or mechanism\"><span class=\"ts-factor\">Severe autoantibody-related ADAMTS13 deficiency<\/span><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"What the evidence shows\">Antibodies inhibit the enzyme that regulates large von Willebrand factor molecules, promoting small clots in blood vessels.<span class=\"ts-cites\"><a href=\"#ts-en-ref-18\" aria-label=\"Reference 18\">[18]<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<div class=\"ts-disease\"><span class=\"ts-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.65\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M11 4C3 2 1 20 7 24c5 3 9-2 6-6-3-3 3-11-2-14ZM21 4c8-2 10 16 4 20-5 3-9-2-6-6 3-3-3-11 2-14ZM13 20v9m6-9v9\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/p>\n<div>PLA2R-associated membranous nephropathy<span class=\"ts-date\">Milestone : 2009<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Agent or mechanism\"><span class=\"ts-factor\">Autoantibodies against the PLA2R receptor<\/span><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"What the evidence shows\">A major target was identified in kidney filtration cells. This explains a disease subgroup, not every form or every initiating trigger.<span class=\"ts-cites\"><a href=\"#ts-en-ref-19\" aria-label=\"Reference 19\">[19]<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<div class=\"ts-disease\"><span class=\"ts-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.65\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M8 3c0 13 16 13 16 26M24 3C24 16 8 16 8 29M9 6h14M12 11h8M12 21h8M9 26h14\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/p>\n<div>Some gastrointestinal stromal tumours \u2014 GIST<span class=\"ts-date\">Milestone : 1998<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Agent or mechanism\"><span class=\"ts-factor\">Activating KIT mutations<\/span><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"What the evidence shows\">These mutations abnormally stimulate cell growth. The mechanism does not apply to every GIST and does not necessarily involve an inherited mutation.<span class=\"ts-cites\"><a href=\"#ts-en-ref-20\" aria-label=\"Reference 20\">[20]<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section id=\"ts-en-older\" class=\"ts-panel ts-established\">\n<div class=\"ts-section-number\">04 \/ ATLAS OF DISCOVERY<\/div>\n<div class=\"ts-section-head\">\n<h2>Earlier discoveries that opened the way<\/h2>\n<p><span class=\"ts-badge\">Established<\/span><\/div>\n<p>These eight examples were already known or identified before 1996. Each date marks an important discovery or recognition, not necessarily the point when definitive consensus was reached.<\/p>\n<div class=\"ts-table-wrap ts-established\">\n<table class=\"ts-table\">\n<caption>Earlier discoveries that opened the way<\/caption>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"col\">Disease or specific form<\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\">Agent or mechanism<\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\">What the evidence shows<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<div class=\"ts-disease\"><span class=\"ts-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.65\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M16 3v26M16 10 8 5m8 10 9-8m-9 13-10-4m10 9 9-5M8 5 4 6m4-1V2m17 5 3-3m-3 3 4 1M6 16l-3 3\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/p>\n<div>Shingles<span class=\"ts-date\">Milestone : 1954<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Agent or mechanism\"><span class=\"ts-factor\">Varicella-zoster virus<\/span><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"What the evidence shows\">Shingles results from reactivation of the virus that remains latent after chickenpox. The virus was isolated from both conditions in 1954, long before 1996.<span class=\"ts-cites\"><a href=\"#ts-en-ref-1\" aria-label=\"Reference 1\">[1]<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<div class=\"ts-disease\"><span class=\"ts-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.65\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M15 3v8c-5-3-11 2-10 9 1 8 11 9 17 4 5-4 6-15 1-18-3-2-6 1-6 4V3M8 20c3 3 7 3 10 0\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/p>\n<div>Many peptic ulcers<span class=\"ts-date\">Milestone : 1982<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Agent or mechanism\"><span class=\"ts-factor\">Helicobacter pylori bacterium<\/span><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"What the evidence shows\">A bacterial infection explains many stomach and duodenal ulcers. However, H. pylori does not cause every peptic ulcer.<span class=\"ts-cites\"><a href=\"#ts-en-ref-2\" aria-label=\"Reference 2\">[2]<\/a><a href=\"#ts-en-ref-3\" aria-label=\"Reference 3\">[3]<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<div class=\"ts-disease\"><span class=\"ts-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.65\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M15 3v8c-5-3-11 2-10 9 1 8 11 9 17 4 5-4 6-15 1-18-3-2-6 1-6 4V3M8 20c3 3 7 3 10 0\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/p>\n<div>A proportion of stomach cancers<span class=\"ts-date\">Milestone : 1994<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Agent or mechanism\"><span class=\"ts-factor\">Chronic H. pylori infection<\/span><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"What the evidence shows\">Its carcinogenic role is established, particularly in non-cardia gastric adenocarcinoma. The bacterium was classified as carcinogenic to humans in 1994.<span class=\"ts-cites\"><a href=\"#ts-en-ref-3\" aria-label=\"Reference 3\">[3]<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<div class=\"ts-disease\"><span class=\"ts-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.65\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M29 16a13 13 0 1 1-26 0 13 13 0 0 1 26 0M21 16a5 5 0 1 1-10 0 5 5 0 0 1 10 0M8 10l2 1m13 11 2 1M8 23l2-2M23 8l-2 2\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/p>\n<div>H. pylori-associated gastric MALT lymphoma<span class=\"ts-date\">Milestone : 1993<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Agent or mechanism\"><span class=\"ts-factor\">Chronic immune stimulation by H. pylori<\/span><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"What the evidence shows\">Some of these tumours regress after eradication of the bacterium, providing important evidence for a causal link.<span class=\"ts-cites\"><a href=\"#ts-en-ref-4\" aria-label=\"Reference 4\">[4]<\/a><a href=\"#ts-en-ref-3\" aria-label=\"Reference 3\">[3]<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<div class=\"ts-disease\"><span class=\"ts-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.65\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M29 16a13 13 0 1 1-26 0 13 13 0 0 1 26 0M21 16a5 5 0 1 1-10 0 5 5 0 0 1 10 0M8 10l2 1m13 11 2 1M8 23l2-2M23 8l-2 2\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/p>\n<div>Cervical cancer<span class=\"ts-date\">Milestone : 1983\u20131984<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Agent or mechanism\"><span class=\"ts-factor\">Persistent high-risk HPV infection<\/span><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"What the evidence shows\">Identification of HPV types 16 and 18 paved the way to understanding the causal role of persistent infection and to targeted prevention.<span class=\"ts-cites\"><a href=\"#ts-en-ref-5\" aria-label=\"Reference 5\">[5]<\/a><a href=\"#ts-en-ref-34\" aria-label=\"Reference 34\">[34]<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<div class=\"ts-disease\"><span class=\"ts-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.65\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 11c3-6 20-9 26-5 3 5-7 17-15 17H4L3 11ZM17 6l-3 17m0-9 11-4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/p>\n<div>Hepatitis C<span class=\"ts-date\">Milestone : 1989<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Agent or mechanism\"><span class=\"ts-factor\">Hepatitis C virus<\/span><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"What the evidence shows\">Identifying the virus explained a large share of \u201cnon-A, non-B\u201d hepatitis. Chronic infection can lead to cirrhosis and liver cancer.<span class=\"ts-cites\"><a href=\"#ts-en-ref-6\" aria-label=\"Reference 6\">[6]<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<div class=\"ts-disease\"><span class=\"ts-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.65\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 13c4-8 8 5 13 0s9-8 13 0M3 21h26M3 27h26M9 13v6m14-6v6M15 5v3\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/p>\n<div>Kaposi sarcoma<span class=\"ts-date\">Milestone : 1994<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Agent or mechanism\"><span class=\"ts-factor\">Human herpesvirus 8 \/ KSHV<\/span><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"What the evidence shows\">The virus is a causal factor; immune status strongly influences the risk of developing the disease.<span class=\"ts-cites\"><a href=\"#ts-en-ref-7\" aria-label=\"Reference 7\">[7]<\/a><a href=\"#ts-en-ref-36\" aria-label=\"Reference 36\">[36]<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<div class=\"ts-disease\"><span class=\"ts-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.65\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M21 17a5 8 0 1 1-10 0 5 8 0 0 1 10 0M13 9V5m6 4V5M11 14l-6-4m6 9H4m8 4-7 5M21 14l6-4m-6 9h7m-8 4 7 5M13 8a3 3 0 0 1 6 0\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/p>\n<div>Lyme disease<span class=\"ts-date\">Milestone : 1982<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Agent or mechanism\"><span class=\"ts-factor\">Borrelia burgdorferi group bacteria<\/span><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"What the evidence shows\">Identification of tick-transmitted bacteria explained a set of manifestations that had previously been difficult to connect.<span class=\"ts-cites\"><a href=\"#ts-en-ref-8\" aria-label=\"Reference 8\">[8]<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section id=\"ts-en-evidence\" class=\"ts-panel\">\n<p class=\"ts-eyebrow\">READING SCIENCE WITH PERSPECTIVE<\/p>\n<h2>How does a link become a cause?<\/h2>\n<p>Finding a microbe in someone with a disease is not enough. It may be a trigger, an aggravating factor, a bystander or a consequence. Researchers therefore bring together several types of evidence.<\/p>\n<div class=\"ts-steps\">\n<div class=\"ts-step\"><b>01<\/b><\/p>\n<h3>Observe<\/h3>\n<p>Does the link recur across populations using reliable methods?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"ts-step\"><b>02<\/b><\/p>\n<h3>Follow over time<\/h3>\n<p>Does the exposure precede the disease, rather than occurring afterwards?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"ts-step\"><b>03<\/b><\/p>\n<h3>Explain<\/h3>\n<p>Does a credible biological mechanism connect the exposure to the observed damage?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"ts-step\"><b>04<\/b><\/p>\n<h3>Intervene and confirm<\/h3>\n<p>Does acting on the factor change risk or progression, with reproducible results?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"ts-nuance\">A mechanism demonstrated in the laboratory does not, on its own, prove that it explains disease in humans. Conversely, failure of a treatment tested late in a disease does not always exclude an earlier role for the factor being studied.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"ts-panel\">\n<h2>Why new causes may still be discovered<\/h2>\n<p>Studies that follow people for years can establish the order of events. Sequencing can reveal a microbe or the footprint it has left in DNA. Single-cell analysis shows how an infection can alter an immune response. These approaches connect observations that once seemed unrelated.<span class=\"ts-cites\"><a href=\"#ts-en-ref-21\" aria-label=\"Reference 21\">[21]<\/a><a href=\"#ts-en-ref-23\" aria-label=\"Reference 23\">[23]<\/a><a href=\"#ts-en-ref-27\" aria-label=\"Reference 27\">[27]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p>The discovery of Helicobacter pylori illustrates this shift in perspective. Research on EBV, lupus and colibactin signatures shows how science continues to investigate unexpected relationships. Future findings may confirm some hypotheses, revise others or lead researchers to abandon them.<span class=\"ts-cites\"><a href=\"#ts-en-ref-21\" aria-label=\"Reference 21\">[21]<\/a><a href=\"#ts-en-ref-23\" aria-label=\"Reference 23\">[23]<\/a><a href=\"#ts-en-ref-27\" aria-label=\"Reference 27\">[27]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p>It is therefore reasonable to expect new explanations. It would be premature, however, to promise a single cause for every disease or assume that a virus or bacterium lies behind every condition. Chronic diseases often result from several interacting factors.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<section id=\"ts-en-faq\" class=\"ts-panel ts-faq\">\n<h2>Common questions<\/h2>\n<details>\n<summary>Is a disease associated with a virus contagious?<\/summary>\n<p>Transmission of the virus and development of the chronic disease are different questions. An infection can contribute to cancer or an autoimmune condition without that disease passing directly from one person to another.<span class=\"ts-cites\"><a href=\"#ts-en-ref-34\" aria-label=\"Reference 34\">[34]<\/a><a href=\"#ts-en-ref-22\" aria-label=\"Reference 22\">[22]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>Why do most infected people not develop the disease?<\/summary>\n<p>Exposure alone is often insufficient. Genetics, age, immunity, environment and the duration of infection can modify risk. This is a central question in the link between EBV and multiple sclerosis.<span class=\"ts-cites\"><a href=\"#ts-en-ref-22\" aria-label=\"Reference 22\">[22]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>Do these findings justify antibiotics or antivirals?<\/summary>\n<p>Not automatically. A biological link demonstrates neither treatment effectiveness nor safety. The VALAD trial in Alzheimer disease highlights the need to test interventions directly before recommending them.<span class=\"ts-cites\"><a href=\"#ts-en-ref-31\" aria-label=\"Reference 31\">[31]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>Were all these discoveries made in the past 30 years?<\/summary>\n<p>No. In 2026, a 30-year period starts in 1996. The chickenpox\u2013shingles connection and discoveries involving H. pylori, hepatitis C and cervical HPV are older. The tables make this distinction explicit.<span class=\"ts-cites\"><\/span><\/p>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>Does discovering a cause mean a cure exists?<\/summary>\n<p>No. Understanding a mechanism may improve diagnosis or suggest prevention without immediately providing a cure. Developing and validating interventions is a further step.<span class=\"ts-cites\"><\/span><\/p>\n<\/details>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"ts-panel ts-closing\">\n<h2>Stay curious. Ask for evidence. Let knowledge evolve.<\/h2>\n<p>Science advances by exploring new explanations and testing them against the facts. Understanding what is established and what remains to be discovered allows us to follow that progress with hope and sound judgement.<\/p>\n<p><a class=\"ts-button\" href=\"#ts-en-sources\">Explore the scientific references<\/a><\/section>\n<section id=\"ts-en-sources\" class=\"ts-panel ts-sources\">\n<h2>References and method<\/h2>\n<p>Selected original publications and institutional sources consulted for this feature. The displayed evidence levels are an educational synthesis, not a validated clinical rating. References are listed in their publication language.<\/p>\n<ol class=\"ts-ref-list\">\n<li id=\"ts-en-ref-1\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/pinkbook\/hcp\/table-of-contents\/chapter-22-varicella.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">CDC. Varicella: virology and history.<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"ts-en-ref-2\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nobelprize.org\/prizes\/medicine\/2005\/press-release\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Nobel Assembly. H. pylori and peptic ulcer disease (2005; discovery in 1982).<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"ts-en-ref-3\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cancer.gov\/about-cancer\/causes-prevention\/risk\/infectious-agents\/h-pylori-fact-sheet\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">National Cancer Institute. Helicobacter pylori and cancer.<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"ts-en-ref-4\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/8102719\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Wotherspoon et al. Regression of gastric MALT lymphoma after H. pylori eradication. Lancet, 1993.<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"ts-en-ref-5\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nobelprize.org\/prizes\/medicine\/2008\/press-release\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Nobel Assembly. HPV and cervical cancer (2008; discoveries in 1983\u20131984).<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"ts-en-ref-6\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nobelprize.org\/prizes\/medicine\/2020\/press-release\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Nobel Assembly. Discovery of hepatitis C virus (2020; identification in 1989).<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"ts-en-ref-7\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/7997879\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Chang et al. Herpesvirus-like DNA in Kaposi sarcoma. Science, 1994.<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"ts-en-ref-8\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/7043737\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Burgdorfer et al. Lyme disease\u2014a tick-borne spirochetosis? Science, 1982.<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"ts-en-ref-9\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/10793107\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Gillison et al. HPV and a subset of head and neck cancers. JNCI, 2000.<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"ts-en-ref-10\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/cancer\/hpv\/oropharyngeal-cancer.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">CDC. HPV and oropharyngeal cancer.<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"ts-en-ref-11\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/18202256\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Feng et al. Clonal integration of a polyomavirus in Merkel cell carcinoma. Science, 2008.<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"ts-en-ref-12\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cancer.gov\/types\/skin\/hp\/merkel-cell-treatment-pdq\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">National Cancer Institute. Merkel cell carcinoma treatment (PDQ).<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"ts-en-ref-13\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/19070355\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Commins et al. Delayed red meat allergy and alpha-gal IgE. 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HPV and cancer.<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"ts-en-ref-35\"><a href=\"https:\/\/health.nih.gov\/health-topics-a-z\/narcolepsy\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NIH. Narcolepsy: causes and mechanisms.<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"ts-en-ref-36\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cancer.gov\/about-cancer\/causes-prevention\/risk\/infectious-agents\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">National Cancer Institute. Infectious agents and cancer.<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p class=\"ts-note\">General educational information. This feature does not provide an individual diagnosis or recommend treatment for the conditions discussed.<br \/>\u00a9 2026 Clinique TAGMED \u00b7 Montr\u00e9al and Terrebonne<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/article>\n<p><\/trp-tag><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Des ulc\u00e8res \u00e0 certains cancers, des virus aux r\u00e9actions auto-immunes : les d\u00e9couvertes d\u2019hier \u00e9clairent les grandes questions de demain.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":93763,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"rs_blank_template":"","rs_page_bg_color":"","slide_template_v7":"","footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":false,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[1992],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-93765","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-guides-conseils"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.cliniquetagmed.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/93765","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.cliniquetagmed.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.cliniquetagmed.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.cliniquetagmed.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.cliniquetagmed.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=93765"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/www.cliniquetagmed.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/93765\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":93785,"href":"https:\/\/www.cliniquetagmed.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/93765\/revisions\/93785"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.cliniquetagmed.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/93763"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.cliniquetagmed.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=93765"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.cliniquetagmed.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=93765"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.cliniquetagmed.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=93765"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}